The article advocates for a patient data collective in India, drawing inspiration from the Amul cooperative model, to tackle challenges in rare disease research and treatment. This collective would centralize patient data, including medical records, genetic reports, and clinical notes, with explicit consent. Leveraging AI and advanced analytics, it aims to identify diagnostic biomarkers, predict disease progression, and design more effective clinical trials. The initiative seeks to support researchers, accelerate drug development, and improve patient access to safe and effective treatments. Operating cooperatively, it would manage patient data and return most of the generated revenue to them, fostering data cooperation for a healthier India.
A patient data collective, inspired by the Amul cooperative model, is proposed to centralize rare disease patient data in India.
The collective would utilize AI and advanced analytics to identify biomarkers, predict disease progression, and design better clinical trials.
It aims to support researchers, accelerate drug development, and improve patient access to safe and effective treatments.
Exam Points
The proposed model is inspired by the Amul cooperative.
The collective would build a 'centralised repository of patient data'.
It would use AI and advanced analytics for research.
The Supreme Court revisited its 1978 Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board vs A. Rajappa (BWSSB) judgment, clarifying that its 'Triple Test' is not a definitive guide for interpreting 'industry' under the Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020. The court emphasized that the IRC's definition of 'industry' must be interpreted based on its actual text and be worker-oriented, upholding social justice and fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), and 21. This ruling aims to prevent the dilution of labour protections, acknowledge power imbalances between employers and workers, and safeguard against exploitation and unfair labour practices, thereby protecting the Constitution's basic structure.
The Supreme Court's judgment clarifies that the 1978 BWSSB 'Triple Test' is not a definitive guide for interpreting 'industry' under the new IRC 2020.
Interpretation of 'industry' under IRC 2020 must be worker-oriented, considering the actual text of provisions and preserving social justice.
The judgment protects labour rights as fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), and 21 of the Constitution.
Exam Points
The case discussed is Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board vs A. Rajappa (BWSSB), 1978.
The Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020, replaced the Industrial Disputes (ID) Act, 1947.
Fundamental rights protected include Article 14, Article 19(1)(g), and Article 21.
India's youth unemployment crisis extends beyond individual joblessness, imposing substantial economic and social costs on supporting households. The PLFS 2025 indicates a 14.8% unemployment rate for 18-29 year-olds, which rises to 29.4% for tertiary-educated youth. Households with unemployed educated youth report significantly lower consumption and fewer earning members, with many relying on a single earner or having no income. Prolonged job searches and delayed entry into the workforce intensify the financial and emotional strain on these families. Employment policy must therefore broaden its scope to address the economic circumstances of supporting families and reduce delays in employment.
Youth unemployment in India has significant economic consequences for entire households, not just the unemployed individuals.
Households supporting unemployed educated youth experience reduced consumption and have fewer earning members compared to others.
Prolonged unemployment spells intensify the financial and emotional strain on these families.
Exam Points
PLFS 2025 reports youth unemployment rate of 14.8% for 18-29 year-olds.
Unemployment among tertiary-educated youth (18-29 years) is 29.4%.
Households with unemployed youth spend ₹1,087 less per month on consumption overall.
A nine-member Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court ruled that the 1978 Bangalore Water Supply judgment's expansive interpretation of 'industry' will not automatically apply to the Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020. This decision aims to establish a new, clearer framework for labour law disputes, moving away from the worker-friendly precedent set in 1978 by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer. The new ruling emphasizes interpreting 'industry' based on IRC's specific text and statutory context, ensuring labour rights are protected as fundamental rights. It also highlights the broader societal impact of unemployment on households and stresses the importance of judicial vigilance in protecting workers' dignity and security.
The Supreme Court's nine-member Constitution Bench ruled that the 1978 BWSSB judgment's definition of 'industry' will not automatically apply to the IRC 2020.
This decision aims to establish a new, clearer framework for labour law disputes under the IRC, moving away from the expansive 1978 interpretation.
The 1978 ruling, known for its 'triple test,' had significantly broadened the definition of 'industry' to include various activities like hospitals and educational institutions.
Exam Points
The ruling was made by a nine-member Constitution Bench.
The 1978 ruling was in Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board v. A. Rajappa, authored by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer.
The Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020, came into force in November 2025.
The Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) has granted in-principle approval for the third round of airport privatisation, encompassing 11 airports grouped into five bundles. This proposal will now advance to the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) for final approval. Concerns regarding oligopolistic concentration and over-leveraging in the airport sector were addressed by the Ministry of Civil Aviation's plan to cap the number of airport bundles awarded to a single bidder, although PPPAC rejected specific recommendations for a strict two-airport limit per bidder. The privatisation aims to attract private investment, enhance operational efficiency, improve passenger experience, and support overall infrastructure modernization.
The PPPAC has granted in-principle approval for the privatisation of 11 airports in India, bundled into five groups.
The proposal will next be reviewed by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) for final approval.
Concerns about oligopolistic concentration were addressed by a plan to cap the number of bundles a single bidder can win.
Exam Points
The Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) gave the approval.
11 airports are to be privatized across five bundles.
Airports include Amritsar, Kangra, Varanasi, Gaya, Kushinagar, Bhubaneswar, Hubballi, Raipur, Aurangabad, Tiruchirappalli, and Tirupati.
Read more
Read it. Retain it. Recall it.
Get spaced-repetition flashcards, daily quizzes and offline access — free on Android.