The Centre has fixed a floor wage of ₹300 per day under the new Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025, which replaced the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). This move has increased wage rates for 21 States and Union Territories that previously paid less than ₹300. While some states saw significant hikes, others had minimal increases. Critics, including former Rural Development Minister Jairam Ramesh, argue the wages are "unjustifiably low" and fall short of the ₹375 per day recommended by the Dr. Anoop Satpathy Expert Committee in 2019.
- The new VB-G RAM G Act, 2025, establishes a national floor wage of ₹300 per day, replacing MGNREGA.
- This change has led to increased wage rates for 21 States and Union Territories that previously paid below ₹300.
- Critics argue the new wage is insufficient, citing the Dr. Anoop Satpathy Expert Committee's 2019 recommendation of ₹375 per day.
Indian State governments, particularly Kerala and Tamil Nadu, face fiscal stress due to a mismatch between development aspirations and limited fiscal capacity. While States bear most public spending on social and economic sectors, their ability to raise taxes is limited, with the Union government holding more tax-raising power. Deficits, financed through market borrowings, lead to high interest burdens, further tightening State finances. Kerala, despite good own-tax revenue mobilization, allocates only 10% of its resources to capital expenditure, with a significant portion going to salaries, pensions, and interest payments. The article suggests that States need better fiscal structures to access domestic savings at lower costs for development projects, drawing parallels with China's local government financing model.
- State governments experience fiscal stress due to high expenditure on social/economic sectors and limited tax-raising powers compared to the Union government.
- Deficits are financed by market borrowings, leading to high interest payments that further strain State budgets.
- Kerala, despite strong own-tax revenue, allocates only 10% to capital expenditure, with significant portions for salaries, pensions, and interest.
The Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) is undertaking a "planned database consolidation and upgradation of software applications" through the Centralised IT-Enabled System (CITES) project. This initiative aims to modernize service delivery via automation, creating a single national database to replace over 120 decentralized ones. The upgrade will allow any PF office to process member requests, enable online services like KYC updates, and provide a unified digital interface for members to access all their PF details. This is expected to improve operational efficiency, transparency, and reduce physical visits and claim rejections, ensuring seamless services for subscribers.
- EPFO is implementing the Centralised IT-Enabled System (CITES) project for database consolidation and software upgrade.
- The goal is to modernize service delivery through automation and create a single national database, replacing over 120 decentralized systems.
- The upgrade will enable members to access all services online, approach any PF office, and view a unified digital interface for their details.
India's criminal justice system is undergoing a major digital transformation, with all investigations and trials under new criminal laws to be digitally recorded from January 1, 2027. The Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS) integrates police, courts, prisons, forensics, and prosecution on a single platform, aiming for end-to-end digital workflow. Data will be stored on the MeghRaj cloud platform. Despite progress, challenges remain, such as only 46% of FIRs being digitally transmitted to courts. The new laws (BNS, BSS, BNSS) require upgraded infrastructure and forensic capabilities, leading to the addition of 25 new forensic laboratories and an increase in the national implementation score.
- India's criminal justice system aims for full digital recording of investigations and trials under new laws by January 1, 2027.
- The Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS) integrates all pillars of justice (police, courts, prisons, forensics, prosecution) on a single digital platform.
- Data will be stored on the government's MeghRaj cloud platform, ensuring end-to-end digital workflow.
The controversy over introducing a third language from Class 6, with two required to be "Bharatiya" languages, stems from a contradiction in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. While NEP extols English's importance, CBSE's implementation effectively relegates it to a foreign language. This policy could negatively impact students' Class 10 board performance and render existing language teaching resources redundant. Although CBSE made temporary concessions, the core policy remains. The article argues that language learning should serve students' best interests, prioritizing mother tongue and English, and offering a third language of choice, aligning with the vision to skill Indians for global jobs and fostering mobility.
- The NEP 2020's three-language formula, requiring two "Bharatiya" languages from Class 6, contradicts its emphasis on English's importance.
- CBSE's implementation of this policy could adversely affect students' academic performance and waste existing school resources for foreign languages.
- Temporary concessions by CBSE do not alter the fundamental policy of mandating two Indian languages.
Global governments are increasingly shaping AI policy around national advantage, with the US restricting AI model access and Europe investing in AI compute. India, as a large IT services economy, faces a strategic dilemma: leverage foreign AI models for productivity while reducing technological dependence. India's R&D spending on AI is low compared to global leaders. The article advocates for a whole-of-government approach to deepen backward linkages to frontier AI and strengthen forward linkages to global markets for Indian products and services. It also calls for the Indian tech ecosystem to enhance quality and innovation and build domestic AI capability, ensuring India remains integrated globally while reducing strategic vulnerabilities.
- Governments globally are implementing sovereign AI policies to secure national advantage, influencing access and development.
- India must leverage global AI for economic growth while simultaneously reducing strategic technological dependence.
- India's R&D spending on AI is significantly lower than leading global players, necessitating strategic linkages and government support.
States are opposing the new Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G), set to replace MGNREGA from July 1. The new scheme shifts from a demand-driven to a supply-driven framework with capped allocations based on "objective parameters" determined by the Union government. While it increases guaranteed workdays from 100 to 125, it significantly raises the financial burden on States from 10% to 40% of total expenditure. States also object to the Union government's power to notify rural areas for implementation and the provision for a "blackout period" during peak agricultural seasons. Concerns include delays in wage clearance and disproportionate power to the Centre in fund distribution.
- The Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) will replace MGNREGA from July 1.
- The new scheme shifts from a demand-driven to a supply-driven framework, with allocations capped by the Union government.
- States oppose the increased financial burden, as their share of total expenditure rises from 10% to 40%.
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has issued revised guidelines, relaxing the three-language policy for students in Classes 7, 8, and 9. Students currently studying two foreign languages can continue with them while adding an Indian language (Bharatiya Bhasha). The new policy, based on NEP 2020 recommendations, requires at least two of the three languages to be native to India. However, the current batches of Classes 7, 8, and 9 will not be required to take a Board examination for the third language when they reach Class 10. For Class 9, the third language will be assessed internally by the school. Exemptions are provided for special needs children, schools outside India, and foreign students.
- CBSE has relaxed the three-language policy for students in Classes 7, 8, and 9, allowing those with two foreign languages to continue while adding an Indian language.
- The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommends learning three languages, with at least two being native to India (Bharatiya Bhashas).
- Current batches of Classes 7, 8, and 9 will not be required to take a Board examination for the third language in Class 10.
The West Bengal Assembly has passed two controversial Bills: the West Bengal Public Safety and Control of Anti-Social Activities Bill, 2026, and The West Bengal Maintenance of Public Order (Amendment) Bill, 2026. The first allows the government to detain "anti-socials" for up to a year and restricts access to lawyers for such persons, though an advisory board will review cases. The second Bill imposes compensation payments for damage to public or private property. Opposition parties criticize these laws as "scary" and a potential tool for political vendetta, arguing they curb peaceful protests and student movements, and will not withstand judicial scrutiny. The Chief Minister defended the laws, citing similar legislation in other states and the need to curb criminalization of politics.
- West Bengal Assembly passed two controversial Bills: The West Bengal Public Safety and Control of Anti-Social Activities Bill, 2026, and The West Bengal Maintenance of Public Order (Amendment) Bill, 2026.
- The Public Safety Bill allows preventive detention for up to one year for "anti-socials" and restricts legal representation before an advisory board.
- The Public Order Amendment Bill mandates compensation for damage to public or private property.
The article highlights a rise in food poisoning cases and deaths in India, attributing it to lapses in the implementation of the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act. Data shows that States with high food poisoning cases often have low or moderate scores on the State Food Safety Index. Despite mandates for periodic inspections, the number of samples collected and analyzed is significantly lower than registered Food Business Operators (FBOs). A major contributing factor is the severe shortage of Food Safety Officers (FSOs) and other staff at both central (FSSAI) and state levels, with vacancies increasing over the years. The article also notes India's poor ranking in foodborne disease burden globally.
- Food poisoning cases and deaths are rising in India, indicating failures in implementing the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act.
- States with higher food poisoning incidents tend to have lower scores on the State Food Safety Index.
- Inspections and food sample analyses are significantly inadequate compared to the large number of registered Food Business Operators (FBOs).
The article argues that while AI offers immense productivity gains, the most pervasive and least understood risk is "artificial wisdom." Beyond concerns of mass unemployment and concentrated power, the author highlights the dangerous misconception that AI generates knowledge. AI systems, trained on vast data, predict patterns and generate human-like text, but lack true understanding, context, judgment, and awareness of consequences. This can lead to synthetic information being more persuasive than genuine, creating fertile ground for manipulation and misinformation. The systemic risk arises as organizations increasingly rely on AI for critical decisions that no one is qualified to verify, making genuine human expertise more valuable than ever.
- The most significant and least understood risk of AI is "artificial wisdom," the misconception that AI generates true knowledge.
- AI systems are trained to predict patterns and generate human-like text, but they lack context, judgment, experience, and understanding of consequences.
- This can lead to the creation of synthetic information that is more persuasive than genuine, fostering manipulation and misinformation.
The article argues that Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers India a transformative opportunity similar to the 1991 liberalisation, potentially leading to a "Bharat rate of growth" of 8% and beyond. It advocates for making AI tokens free, funded by reallocating existing subsidies, and building a robust AI infrastructure through public-private partnerships. The author emphasizes the need for India to host large language models on sovereign infrastructure, diversify compute hardware away from a single vendor, and implement a National AI Token Policy within 24 months. This strategy aims to replicate India's digital public infrastructure successes in the AI domain, leveraging its talent and favorable policies to become a global AI leader.
- AI presents a transformative opportunity for India to achieve a "Bharat rate of growth" (8%+) similar to the post-1991 liberalisation era.
- The author proposes making AI tokens free, initially for top R&D institutions and schools, funded by reallocating existing subsidies.
- India should build a sovereign AI compute framework through public-private partnerships with hyperscalers like AWS, Google, and Microsoft.
The Centre has removed all restrictions on the sale of diesel and petrol across the country, effective July 1. This includes lifting the daily cap of 200 litres per consumer on retail diesel sales and allowing industrial consumers to purchase fuels from retail pumps. The Union Petroleum Ministry stated that these temporary measures, initially imposed on June 12 to combat black marketing, diversion, and hoarding, were successful in ensuring adequate availability. The withdrawal signifies an improvement in the supply situation and the restoration of normal supply arrangements, building on a previous order that restored LPG supply levels.
- All restrictions on the sale of diesel and petrol have been removed by the Centre, effective July 1.
- The daily retail cap of 200 litres per consumer for diesel has been lifted.
- Industrial and commercial consumers are now permitted to purchase fuels from retail outlets.
The Union Health Ministry is set to launch revised operational guidelines for the Anaemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (AMB), expanding its strategy to include low birth weight babies (0-6 months) as a new beneficiary group. The updated framework, to be released by Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda, emphasizes dietary interventions, an 'eating right' component promoting iron-rich diets, and digital tracking of beneficiaries. It replaces the existing T3 strategy with a T4 strategy (Test, Treat, Talk, Track) for routine haemoglobin testing, treatment, and systematic follow-up. An integrated digital ecosystem is also proposed for comprehensive monitoring of anaemia services, aiming to strengthen control through improved testing, treatment, monitoring, and community participation.
- The Union Health Ministry is launching revised guidelines for Anaemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (AMB) to strengthen anaemia control.
- The expanded strategy includes low birth weight babies (0-6 months) as a new beneficiary group, focusing on early intervention.
- A new 'eating right' component promotes the consumption of iron-rich and diversified diets.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in his Mann Ki Baat address, lauded India's increasing self-reliance in defence manufacturing, designating June as a "landmark month." He highlighted the maiden flight of the first made-in-India C-295 transport aircraft and the successful test of the indigenous Long-Range Land-Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM). Modi also noted the induction of indigenously designed and built warships like INS Dunagiri, INS Shanshak, and INS Agrya into the Indian Navy. Beyond defence, he thanked citizens for their positive response to his call for austerity amid the West Asia crisis, citing examples like carpooling and recycling old gold. He also praised community initiatives for environmental conservation and youth sports, such as Nagaland's 'Baby League' football.
- PM Modi emphasized India's growing self-reliance in defence manufacturing, marking June as a significant month for the sector.
- Key achievements include the maiden flight of the first made-in-India C-295 transport aircraft and the successful test of the indigenous LRLACM.
- The induction of indigenously designed and built warships into the Indian Navy further demonstrates India's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' vision in defence.
The Health Ministry has expanded Schedule H2 drugs to cover all therapeutic classes, shifting from revenue-based to risk-based regulation. This framework, introduced in 2022-23, mandates QR codes and additional product identifiers on drug packs to verify authenticity and track defective batches. The initiative aims to combat counterfeit networks targeting critical medicines like vaccines and antimicrobials, which contribute to India's high antimicrobial resistance rates. It also addresses international concerns regarding quality control and the leakage of controlled substances into illicit markets. The success of this system depends on a state-managed database, consumer verification habits, and support for MSME manufacturers to integrate new packaging requirements.
- The Health Ministry has expanded Schedule H2 drugs to all therapeutic classes, moving towards risk-based regulation to track defective batches.
- New norms mandate QR codes and additional product identifiers on drug packs for authenticity verification and detailed tracking.
- The initiative aims to combat counterfeit drugs, especially antimicrobials, which exacerbate India's high antimicrobial resistance rates.
The article highlights the Tungabhadra dam as a significant example of inter-State cooperation, following the recent inauguration of its spillway gates by Chief Ministers of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and the Union Jal Shakti Minister. The dam is vital for irrigating 16.4 lakh acres across these three southern states. Despite a history of established water-sharing, new challenges are emerging, such as the Upper Bhadra project, which has become an irritant for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Additionally, excessive siltation has drastically reduced the dam's storage capacity, necessitating urgent measures for silt removal and rehabilitation, with the Union government assuring its commitment to monitor these projects for dam safety.
- The Tungabhadra dam exemplifies inter-State cooperation, crucial for irrigation in Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
- It provides irrigation to a vast area of 16.4 lakh acres across the three southern states.
- New projects like the Upper Bhadra have emerged as irritants, potentially challenging existing water-sharing agreements.
This article by Shashi Tharoor argues that unchecked Artificial Intelligence (AI) threatens human dignity, data ownership, and democratic governance, potentially leading to a new form of digital slavery. It highlights how algorithmic manipulation and AI-generated disinformation undermine shared epistemic foundations, driving radicalisation and social fragmentation. The author calls for robust, binding legal frameworks beyond abstract ethics, proposing five foundational pillars for AI governance in India: a rights-based framework, democratic accountability for platforms, protection of free speech, massive media literacy initiatives, and cross-sector early-warning systems to combat misinformation. The piece emphasizes AI governance as a constitutional imperative.
- Unchecked AI poses a threat to human dignity and data ownership, potentially creating a new form of digital slavery.
- Algorithmic manipulation by Big Tech platforms amplifies hyper-partisan content, leading to radicalisation and social fragmentation.
- AI-generated disinformation and deepfakes undermine the shared epistemic foundation crucial for democratic functioning.
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2026, to tighten the regulation of foreign donations to NGOs. The new rules mandate NGOs to disclose specific activities, geographical scope, social media accounts, publications, and broaden the definition of 'key functionary'. They also impose a fee for registration for each specified purpose and state of operation, leading to higher costs for NGOs operating across multiple sectors. The rules outline specific permitted purposes for foreign funds (social, educational, religious, economic, cultural) and detail penalties for violations such as misuse of funds or engaging in unapproved activities.
- The MHA has amended the FCRA Rules to impose stricter regulations on foreign donations to NGOs, effective from June 22.
- NGOs are now required to disclose specific activities, geographical scope, social media accounts, and publications, along with a broader definition of 'key functionary'.
- The amendments introduce a fee for registration for each specified purpose and state/UT of operation, increasing compliance costs for NGOs.
The article clarifies that an Indian passport is not conclusive proof of citizenship, but rather a travel document attesting to nationality. Aadhaar cards serve as proof of identity and address, not citizenship, and even non-Indian citizens can obtain one. While presence on electoral rolls creates a presumption of citizenship, the Election Commission cannot adjudicate citizenship. Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, or incorporation of territory. The required documentary proof varies significantly based on an individual's date and place of birth, and parents' citizenship status, highlighting the complexity and lack of a single universal citizenship document.
- An Indian passport is considered a travel document attesting to nationality, not conclusive proof of citizenship.
- Aadhaar cards are proof of identity and address, explicitly not citizenship, and are accessible to legal residents including non-citizens.
- While electoral rolls create a presumption of citizenship, the Election Commission's role is limited to determining eligibility for voting, not adjudicating citizenship.
The Union Health Ministry has significantly enhanced the financial powers of senior Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) officials to expedite medical treatment and reimbursement. This move aims to reduce delays in approving cashless treatment, settling medical claims, and sanctioning unlisted investigations/procedures. Additional directors heading CGHS cities and zones can now sanction up to ₹15 lakh, directors up to ₹25 lakh, and Additional Secretary and DG up to ₹50 lakh for medical reimbursement. The changes are expected to particularly benefit pensioners and elderly beneficiaries, who often require costly tertiary care, by reducing the need for referrals to higher authorities and addressing common grievances.
- The Union Health Ministry has substantially increased the financial powers of senior CGHS officials.
- This enhancement aims to reduce delays in medical treatment approvals and reimbursement claims for beneficiaries.
- Officials can now approve higher-value cases for cashless treatment, medical reimbursement, and unlisted investigations/procedures.
The Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Aajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) is set to launch on July 1, replacing MGNREGA. At least five states have requested a revision of wage rates, while four objected to the 60 non-working days provision during peak agricultural season. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand explicitly sought reconsideration of the proposed 40% state share in the funding pattern, finding it difficult to bear. States like Punjab also criticized the blackout period, arguing it reduces workers' bargaining power. The Centre's response to an RTI plea revealed these concerns, highlighting delays in wage payments and the inadequacy of interim allocations for states to meet work commitments.
- The new Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Aajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) is replacing MGNREGA from July 1.
- Several states have raised concerns regarding the proposed wage rates and the 60-day blackout period during peak agricultural season.
- Three BJP-ruled states, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, have explicitly requested a reconsideration of the 40% state share in the funding pattern.
The Union Health Ministry has proposed amendments to the Drugs Rules, 1945, to simplify the procedure for importing drugs for examination, test, or analysis. An acknowledgement-based system will replace licensing for importing small quantities of drugs for analytical and non-clinical testing, except for certain sensitive categories. This deregulation aims to boost the R&D sector and promote ease of doing business in the pharma sector. Additionally, the Ministry proposes revising the minimum residual shelf-life norm for imported drugs to 12 months, ensuring sufficient time for distribution and consumption, though biological products and radiopharmaceuticals retain the 60% norm due to their specialized nature.
- The Union Health Ministry proposes amendments to the Drugs Rules, 1945, to simplify drug import procedures for testing and R&D.
- An acknowledgement-based system will be introduced for importing small quantities of drugs, replacing the need for licenses, except for specific sensitive drug categories.
- This deregulation is intended to boost the pharmaceutical R&D sector and improve ease of doing business.
The Union Food and Public Distribution Department has proposed amendments to the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, revising foodgrain allocation for Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households. The new provision entitles each person in an AAY household to 7 kg of foodgrains per month, with a maximum of 35 kg per household, free of charge. This replaces the previous norm of a flat 35 kg per AAY household, irrespective of size. The government states this aims to remove intra-category inequities and align entitlements with nutritional requirements, though critics argue it may reduce overall allocation for smaller families and create a 'North-South divide.'
- The Union government proposed amendments to the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, regarding foodgrain allocation for Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households.
- The new rule allocates 7 kg of foodgrains per person per month, with a maximum of 35 kg per AAY household, free of cost.
- This replaces the previous flat 35 kg per household allocation, aiming to address inequities based on household size.