Informal sector dominance and regulatory gaps hinder formal e-waste recycling in India
Despite government efforts to promote formal e-waste recycling through the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework, the informal sector continues to play a dominant role. Millions of tons of electronics are disposed of annually, but only about one-third is processed through proper channels. The informal sector often harvests components for repair rather than recycling, which disrupts the 'circular economy' and leads to environmental hazards. Policymakers face a dilemma as informal set-ups provide livelihoods but lack the technology for safe metal extraction. Strengthening the EPR framework and improving material traceability are essential to secure critical minerals like lithium and cobalt.
Key Points
- India generated approximately 4.17 million metric tonnes of e-waste in 2022, but only a third is processed formally.
- The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework requires manufacturers to collect and recycle their end-of-life products.
- Informal recyclers often prioritize component harvesting for repairs over the extraction of precious metals.
- Securing e-waste is vital for India's domestic supply of rare earth elements (REEs) and critical minerals like cobalt and lithium.
Exam Facts
- India generated 4.17 million metric tonnes of e-waste in 2022.
- The EPR framework is the primary regulatory tool for e-waste management in India.
- China's decision to curb REE exports has increased the strategic importance of domestic e-waste recycling.
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